Adolescent patient with post traumatic stress disorder due atypical stressor: Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by intrusive, anxious, and avoidant symptoms that are triggered after a stressful experience and affect the mood. The definition of a stressor that generates PTSD has been debated in recent years, as a clinical picture compatible with the disorder can occur after exposure to stressors that do not meet the criteria A1 of the DSM V; these stressors have been defined in the literature as "of low magnitude, uncommon, unusual or atypical". CLINICAL CASE: We present the clinical case of a paediatric patient who developed PTSD after being exposed to an atypical stressor. CONCLUSIONS: The literature shows these stressors to be more frequently documented in the paediatric population. We therefore suggest that cases should be analysed as a complex interweaving of variables, where one of the most important is each patient's interpretation of the event according to their life history and social context, and not because of an inherent characteristic of the stressor itself.

Experiencia Del Abordaje Multidisciplinar Aplicado En El Hospital De Día De Neuropsiquiatría Del Hospital Mare De Déu De La Mercè (Años 2015 A 2022) / [Experience of the Multidisciplinary Approach Applied in the Neuropsychiatry Day Hospital of the Mare De Déu Hospital of La Mercè (Years 2015 to 2022)]

Introducción: El hospital de día de Neuropsiquiatría del Hospital Mare de Déu de la Mercè es un recurso sanitario especializado suprasectorial de régimen diurno, que atiende a personas adultas entre los 18 y 65 años de edad, con deterioro cognitivo debido a un daño cerebral sobrevenido, a uso de sustancias, enfermedad de Huntington o demencias neurodegenerativas de inicio precoz. La duración del ingreso es de 90 días y el objetivo principal es rehabilitador. Las terapias impartidas incluyen estimulación cognitiva, manejo de agenda, adaptación al déficit, manejo de la autonomía, terapia física e inclusión social. El objetivo del manuscrito es presentar la experiencia del abordaje multidisciplinar aplicado durante los años 2015 a 2022, y describir su capacidad resolutiva, entendiéndola como la capacidad para mejorar las habilidades cognitivas, la conducta, el equilibrio físico y la funcionalidad de las personas atendidas.Métodos: La información ha sido obtenida a partir de las valoraciones realizadas según los protocolos de evaluación multidisciplinar del hospital. Se ha realizado una estadística descriptiva y se ha utilizado la prueba t para medias de dos muestras emparejadas para evaluar diferencias significativas entre las valoraciones al ingreso y al alta. La muestra es de 435 personas, con una media de edad de 51.54 años, de las cuales 185 (42.53%) son mujeres. Como instrumentos de medida se han utilizado pruebas de despistaje cognitivo, de evaluación de la conducta, de equilibrio y funcionalidad, y un cuestionario de calidad de vida. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 435 personas con los siguientes perfiles diagnósticos: daño cerebral sobrevenido (n = 199), deterioro cognitivo asociado a uso de sustancias (n = 103), enfermedad de Huntington (n = 41), demencias degenerativas de inicio precoz (n = 32), deterioro cognitivo asociado al VIH (n = 2) y deterioro cognitivo no especificado (n = 58). ... (AU)

Introduction: The Neuropsychiatry day hospital of the Mare de Déu de la Mercè Hospital is a specialized suprasectorial daytime health resource, which cares for adults between 18 and 65 years of age, with cognitive impairment due to acquired brain damage, substance use, Huntington's disease, and early-onset neurodegenerative dementias. The duration of admission is 90 days and the main objective is rehabilitation. The therapies provided include cognitive stimulation, agenda management, deficit adaptation, autonomy management, physical therapy and social inclusion. The objective of the manuscript is to present the experience of the multidisciplinary approach applied during the years 2015 to 2022, and describe its resolution capacity, understanding it as the ability to improve the cognitive skills, behavior, physical balance and functionality of the people cared for.Methods: The information has been obtained from the assessments carried out according to the hospital's multidisciplinary evaluation protocols. Descriptive statistics were performed and the t test for means of two paired samples was used to evaluate significant differences between the assessments at admission and at discharge. The sample consists of 435 people, with an average age of 51.54 years, of which 185 (42.53%) were women. Cognitive screening tests, behavioral assessment tests, balance and functionality tests, and a quality of life questionnaire have been used as measurement instruments. Results: A total of 435 people were included with the following diagnostic profiles: acquired brain damage (n = 199), cognitive impairment associated with substance use (n = 103), Huntington's disease (n = 41), early-onset degenerative dementias (n = 32), HIV-associated cognitive impairment (n = 2) and unspecified cognitive impairment (n = 58). ... (AU)

Clinical applications of neurofeedback based on sensorimotor rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Among the brain-machine interfaces, neurofeedback is a non-invasive technique that uses sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) as a clinical intervention protocol. This study aimed to investigate the clinical applications of SMR neurofeedback to understand its clinical effectiveness in different pathologies or symptoms. Methods: A systematic review study with meta-analysis of the clinical applications of EEG-based SMR neurofeedback performed using pre-selected publication databases. A qualitative analysis of these studies was performed using the Consensus tool on the Reporting and Experimental Design of Neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf). The Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy was carried out using Review Manager software, version 5.4.1 (RevMan 5; Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). Results: The qualitative analysis includes 44 studies, of which only 27 studies had some kind of control condition, five studies were double-blinded, and only three reported a blind follow-up throughout the intervention. The meta-analysis included a total sample of 203 individuals between stroke and fibromyalgia. Studies on multiple sclerosis, insomnia, quadriplegia, paraplegia, and mild cognitive impairment were excluded due to the absence of a control group or results based only on post-intervention scales. Statistical analysis indicated that stroke patients did not benefit from neurofeedback interventions when compared to other therapies (Std. mean. dif. 0.31, 95% CI 0.03-0.60, p = 0.03), and there was no significant heterogeneity among stroke studies, classified as moderate I2 = 46% p-value = 0.06. Patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia showed, by means of quantitative analysis, a better benefit for the group that used neurofeedback (Std. mean. dif. -0.73, 95% CI -1.22 to -0.24, p = 0.001). Thus, on performing the pooled analysis between conditions, no significant differences were observed between the neurofeedback intervention and standard therapy (0.05, CI 95%, -0.20 to -0.30, p = 0.69), with the presence of substantial heterogeneity I2 = 92.2%, p-value < 0.001. Conclusion: We conclude that although neurofeedback based on electrophysiological patterns of SMR contemplates the interest of numerous researchers and the existence of research that presents promising results, it is currently not possible to point out the clinical benefits of the technique as a form of clinical intervention. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more robust studies with a greater sample of a more rigorous methodology to understand the benefits that the technique can provide to the population.

Behavioral or neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: from psychopathology to pharmacological management / Sintomas comportamentais ou neuropsiquiátricos da doença de Alzheimer: psicopatologia e abordagem terapêutica

Abstract Neuropsychiatric or behavioral symptoms of dementia encompass a series of disorders, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, psychosis, and agitation, all commonly present in individuals living with dementia. While they are not required for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), they are ubiquitously present in all stages of the disease, contributing to negative clinical outcomes, including cognitive decline, functional disability, and caregiver burden. Neuropsychiatric symptoms have been conceptualized not only as risk factors but as clinical markers of decline along the AD spectrum. The concept of "mild behavioral impairment", the behavioral correlate of mild cognitive impairment, has been proposed within this framework. The first steps in the management of behavioral symptoms in AD involve defining the target and investigating potential causes and/or aggravating factors. Once these factors are addressed, non-pharmacological approaches are preferred as first-line interventions. Following the optimization of anticholinesterase treatments, specific pharmacological approaches (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics) can be considered weighing potential side effects.

Resumo Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos ou comportamentais de demência envolvem uma série de condições, como ansiedade, depressão, apatia, psicose e agitação, frequentemente observadas em indivíduos com demência. Embora esses sintomas não sejam necessários para o diagnóstico da doença de Alzheimer, estão presentes em todas as fases ou estágios da doença, contribuindo negativamente para o declínio cognitivo, comprometimento funcional e sobrecarga do cuidador. Os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos têm sido conceituados não apenas como fatores de risco, mas também como marcadores clínicos de progressão da doença de Alzheimer. O construto "comprometimento comportamental leve", correlato comportamental do comprometimento cognitive leve, tem sido proposto nesse contexto. Os primeiros passos na abordagem dos sintomas comportamentais da doença de Alzheimer envolvem definir os alvos-terapêuticos e investigar potenciais causas ou fatores agravantes. Após intervir nesses fatores, abordagens não farmacológicas constituem a primeira linha de intervenção. Depois da otimização do tratamento anticolinesterásico, terapias farmacológicas específicas (por exemplo, antidepressivos, antipsicóticos) podem ser consideradas, levando-se em conta potencias efeitos colaterais.

Coexistence of different delusional misidentification syndromes in clinical practice: A case series.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyse the coexistence of several delusional misidentification syndromes in a clinical sample. METHODS: Over one year, a sample of six patients presenting two or more types of delusional misidentification syndromes was selected. All these patients were admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit of a Spanish hospital. RESULTS: Despite the different diagnoses, the patients included presented different types of delusional misidentification syndromes, both hyperidentification and hypoidentification. Antipsychotic treatment was not very effective against these delusional misidentification syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of several delusional misidentification syndromes indicates that the aetiopathogenesis of the different types is similar. It is a field with important clinical implications, due to the poor response to treatment, as well as the possible medico-legal implications.

Coexistencia de distintos síndromes de falsos reconocimientos delirantes en la práctica clínica: serie de casos

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la coexistencia de varios síndromes de falsos reconocimientos delirantes en una muestra clínica. Métodos: A lo largo de 1 ano, se seleccionó una muestra de 6 pacientes con 2 o más tipos de falsos reconocimientos delirantes durante el mismo episodio. Todos ellos se encontraban hospitalizados en la unidad de hospitalización psiquiátrica en un hospital de España. Resultados: A pesar de los distintos diagnósticos, los pacientes incluidos presentaban diferentes tipos de falsos reconocimientos delirantes, tanto de hiperidentificación como de hipoidentificación. El tratamiento antipsicótico fue escasamente eficaz contra estos síndromes de falsos reconocimientos delirantes. Conclusiones: La coexistencia de varios síndromes de falsos reconocimientos delirantes indica que la etiopatogenia de los distintos tipos es similar. Se trata de un campo con importantes implicaciones tanto clínicas, por la baja respuesta al tratamiento, como las posibles médico-legales.

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the coexistence of several delusional misidentification syndromes in a clinical sample. Methods: Over one year, a sample of six patients presenting two or more types of delusional misidentification syndromes was selected. All these patients were admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit of a Spanish hospital. Results: Despite the different diagnoses, the patients included presented different types of delusional misidentification syndromes, both hyperidentification and hypoidentification. Antipsychotic treatment was not very effective against these delusional misidentification syndromes Conclusions: The coexistence of several delusional misidentification syndromes indicates that the aetiopathogenesis of the different types is similar. It is a field with important clinical implications, due to the poor response to treatment, as well as the possible medico-legal implications.

Determinants and impact of alexithymia on quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Alexithymia is a neuropsychiatric symptom conceptualized as difficulty identifying and describing feelings. Although associated with other non-motor symptoms, mainly neuropsychiatric, alexithymia may present as an isolated symptom in persons with Parkinson's Disease (PwP). The objective of the study is to identify determinants of alexithymia and its association with quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Subjects with Parkinson's disease were recruited. The following instruments were applied: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Matched healthy controls were screened using TAS-20. Clinical and demographical variables were compared between alexithymic and non-alexithymic. Regression models were used to find determinants of alexithymia. Impact of alexithymia on QoL was estimated with a linear regression model. RESULTS: 98 patients were included. 56.1% PwP and 28.8% controls were alexithymic (p<0.001). Education level (OR 0.86) and NMSS urinary score (OR 1.09) determined alexithymia as well as TAS-20 score. Alexithymia was an independent determinant of QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Alexithymia is a prevalent independent non-motor symptom in PwP with impact on QoL. Low education level and urinary symptoms are important determinants of alexithymia.

Determinants and impact of alexithymia on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease / Determinantes e impacto de la alexitimia en la calidad de vida en la enfermedad de Parkinson

Introduction: Alexithymia is a neuropsychiatric symptom conceptualized as difficulty iden-tifying and describing feelings. Although associated with other non-motor symptoms, mainlyneuropsychiatric, alexithymia may present as an isolated symptom in persons with Parkinson’sDisease (PwP). The objective of the study is to identify determinants of alexithymia and itsassociation with quality of life (QoL) in Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Subjects with Parkinson’s disease were recruited. The following instruments wereapplied: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS),Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Toronto alexithymiascale (TAS-20) and Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8). Matched healthy controls werescreened using TAS-20. Clinical and demographical variables were compared between alex-ithymic and non-alexithymic. Regression models were used to find determinants of alexithymia.Impact of alexithymia on QoL was estimated with a linear regression model.Results: 98 patients were included. 56.1% PwP and 28.8% controls were alexithymic (p < 0.001).Education level (OR 0.86) and NMSS urinary score (OR 1.09) determined alexithymia as well asTAS-20 score. Alexithymia was an independent determinant of QoL. Conclusions: Alexithymia is a prevalent independent non-motor symptom in PwP with impacton QoL. Low education level and urinary symptoms are important determinants of alexithymia.(AU)

Introducción: La alexitimia es un rasgo neuropsiquiátrico conceptualizado como la dificul-tad para identificar y describir sentimientos. Aunque está asociado con otros síntomas nomotores, principalmente neuropsiquiátricos, sigue siendo una característica independiente delas personas con enfermedad de Parkinson (PcP). El objetivo del estudio es identificar losdeterminantes de la alexitimia y su asociación con la calidad de vida en la enfermedad deParkinson. Métodos: Se reclutaron sujetos con enfermedad de Parkinson. Se aplicaron los siguientesinstrumentos: escala unificada de la enfermedad de Parkinson de la Sociedad de Trastornosdel Movimiento (MDS-UPDRS), escala de síntomas no motores (NMSS), evaluación cognitiva deMontreal (MoCA), escala de alexitimia de Toronto (TAS-20) y cuestionario de la enfermedadde Parkinson (PDQ-8). Se incluyeron controles sanos pareados, los cuales se evaluaron usandola TAS-20. Las variables clínicas y demográficas se compararon entre pacientes alexitímicos yno alexitímicos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión para estimar los predictores de alexitimia.El impacto de este rasgo neuropsiquiátrico en la calidad de vida se estimó con un modelo deregresión lineal. Resultados: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes. El 56,1% de PcP y el 28,8% de los controles fueronalexitímicos (p < 0,001). El nivel educativo (OR 0,86) y la puntuación urinaria del NMSS (OR1,09) determinaron la alexitimia, así como la puntuación del TAS-20. La alexitimia fue undeterminante independiente de calidad de vida. Conclusiones: La alexitimia es un síntoma independiente no motor prevalente con impactoen la calidad de vida. El bajo nivel educativo y los síntomas urinarios son determinantesimportantes de esta condición. (AU)

El problema etiológico de los delirios en la esquizofrenia para la neuropsiquiatría actual / The Etiological Problem of Psychotic Delusions in Current Neuropsychiatry / O problema etiológico dos delírios na esquizofrenia para a neuropsiquiatria atual

Introducción: el delirio constituye uno de los síntomas más complejos y severos de la psicosis. Uno de los problemas más fundamentales que enfrenta la investigación en el campo de la neuropsiquiatría tiene que ver con el desafío de producir teorías explicativas para la producción de este tipo de estado mental, a lo que se denomina problema etiológico de los delirios psicóticos. Desarrollo: se analizan críticamente las principales alternativas dentro de la neuropsiquiatría contemporánea al problema etiológico en el contexto de la esquizofrenia. Conclusión: el análisis indica que las tres teorías fundamentales que conviven en la actualidad poseen problemas para avanzar en el desafío de explicar la etiología de los delirios. Por lo anterior, se propone la idea de que, a la luz del estado del debate reciente, la hibridación teórica podría perfilarse como el mejor candidato metodológico para generar progreso real en la disciplina

Introduction: Delusions constitute one of the most complex and severe symptoms of psychosis. One of the most fundamental problems within current research in neuropsychiatry has to do with the challenge of producing explanatory theories of the aetiology of the phenomenon. I call this the etiological problem of psychotic delusions. Development: The main alternatives to the etiological problem in schizophrenia in current neuropsychiatry are critically assessed. Conclusion: The three current co-existing approaches possess a number of problems to make real progress in the etiological debate. For this reason, I suggest that, in light of the current state of the art, theoretical hybridization could become the best methodologi- cal candidate to make progress within the target debate

Introdução: o delírio é um dos sintomas mais complexos e graves da psicose. Um dos problemas mais fundamentais enfrentados atualmente pelas pesquisas no campo da neuropsiquiatria diz respeito ao desafio de produzir teorias explicativas para a produção desse tipo de estado mental, que chamo de o problema etiológico dos delírios psicóticos. Desenvolvimento: são analisadas criticamente as principais alternativas da neuropsiquiatria contemporânea ao problema etiológico no contexto da esquizofrenia. Conclusão: a análise indica que as três teorias fundamentais que coexistem atualmente têm problemas para avançar no desafio de explicar a etiologia dos delírios. Portanto, propõe-se a ideia de que, à luz do estado atual do debate, a hibridação teórica poderia surgir como o melhor candidato metodológico para gerar um progresso real na disciplina.

Depresión en pacientes con epilepsia. Conceptos fisiopatológicos, clínicos y estrategias terapéuticas / Depression in patients with epilepsy. Pathophysiological and clinical concepts and therapeutic strategies

Introducción: La depresión y la epilepsia son entidades altamente prevalentes y representan un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Desarrollo: Realizamos una búsqueda no sistemática en PubMed (MEDLINE) acerca de los conceptos fisiopatológicos y clínicos y las estrategias terapéuticas en pacientes con epilepsia y depresión. Resultados y conclusiones. La depresión y la epilepsia tienen una relación bidireccional y comparten algunos sustratos fisiopatológicos. La depresión es la manifestación neuropsiquiátrica más frecuente en la epilepsia; es importante el cribado y el diagnóstico para el manejo oportuno. El tratamiento con la mayoría de los medicamentos antidepresivos no incrementa la frecuencia de crisis, al contrario, se cree que puede incluso ayudar a disminuir el número de crisis de epilepsia. Además, existen otras terapias antidepresivas, como la terapia cognitivo-conductual y terapias con neuromodulación, que también llegan a ser eficaces en la reducción de la frecuencia de las crisis de epilepsia. Sin embargo, la evidencia respecto al tratamiento es limitada y se requiere un mayor número de estudios prospectivos para la caracterización de las estrategias terapéuticas y la creación de guías estandarizadas.(AU)

Introduction. Depression and epilepsy are highly prevalent diseases and represent a worldwide public health problem. Development: A non-systematic search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE) considering current topics in pathophysiological, clinical concepts and treatment strategies in people with epilepsy and depression. Results and conclusions: Depression and epilepsy have a bidirectional relationship and share some pathophysiological substrates. Depression is the most common neuropsychiatric manifestation in epilepsy; screening and diagnosis are important to start a timely treatment. Antidepressant drugs does not increase the frequency of seizures, on the contrary, it is believed that antidepressants may help reducing the frequency of seizures. In addition, other antidepressant therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and neuromodulation may be also effective for reducing the frequency of seizures. However the evidence regarding antidepressant treatment(s) in epilepsy is limited and further prospective studies are needed to better characterize the possible therapeutic strategies and develop standarized treatment guidelines.(AU)

Espectro clínico de la Encefalitis Autoinmune no NMDAR en pediatría

En este trabajo se realizó una revisión narrativa de los principales hallazgos en la literatura médica sobre las manifestaciones clínicas de la encefalitis autoinmune pediátrica (EAP) no mediada por anticuerpos anti receptor del ácido N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDAR). Las EAP que se destacaron se asocian con anticuerpos específicos como el complejo de canales de potasio dependiente de voltaje, la decarboxilasa del ácido glutámico, el receptor del ácido alfa-amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazolpropiónico y el receptor ácido-gamma-aminobutírico. El diagnóstico de esta patología es un desafío en pediatría debido a la complejidad de las manifestaciones psiquiátricas y neurológicas generadas por la afectación de la corteza, el sistema límbico, el tallo cerebral, los ganglios basales y el cerebelo. A su vez, la comprensión de sus síntomas permite identificar la superposición en las presentaciones clínicas entre los diferentes tipos de EAP y el diagnóstico diferencial con otras enfermedades inflamatorias del cerebro, infecciones, enfermedades metabólicas y trastornos psiquiátricos. El conocimiento biomédico y la sospecha clínica de las EAP no NMDAR establece un campo de investigación que crece en neuropsiquiatría y favorece el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las encefalitis subdiagnosticadas.

This work presents a narrative review of the main findings in the medical literature on the clinical manifestations of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (PAE) not mediated by anti-N-methyl-Daspartate acid receptor (NMDAR) antibodies. Prominent PAEs are associated with specific antibodies, such as the voltage-gated potassium channel complex, glutamic acid decarboxylase, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, and alpha-amino -3-hydroxy-5. -methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor. -gamma-aminobutyric. Diagnosis of this pathology is a challenge in pediatrics due to the complexity of psychiatric and neurological manifestations generated by involvement of cortex, limbic system, brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebellum. In turn, understanding its symptoms allows identifying the overlap in clinical presentations between the different types of PAE and the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory diseases of the brain, infections, metabolic diseases and psychiatric disorders. Biomedical knowledge and clinical suspicion of non-NMDAR PAE establishes a growing field of research in neuropsychiatry and favors the diagnosis and treatment of underdiagnosed encephalitides.

Pacientes neuropsiquiátricos e os benefícios do tratamento com fitocanabinóides / Neuropsychiatric patients and the benefits of phytocannabinoid treatment / Pacientes neuropsiquiátricos y los beneficios del tratamiento con fitochanabinoides

presente revisão visa sumarizar os estudos que abordam o uso de fitocanabinóides em pacientes com doenças neuropsiquiátricas, abordando os benefícios e possíveis efeitos adversos que podem ser observados. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura com descritores MeSH: Cannabis, Medical Marijuana, Neurology, Neuropsychiatry e as bases de dados: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science e SciELO. Selecionou-se artigos entre 2015 a 2021 utilizando como critérios de inclusão, artigos que abordassem sobre o uso de fitocanabinoides em pacientes com doenças neurológicas e/ou psiquiátricas, disponíveis integralmente nos bancos de dados sem restrição de idioma. Após análise, foram encontrados 15 artigos, que evidenciaram benefícios como: propriedades ansiolíticas, antiepilépticas, antiparkinsonianas, antipsicóticas, de estabilização de humor, além de ser benéfico na regulação do sono, na Síndrome de Tourette, na demência, dores crônicas, amenização de sintomas eméticos dos tratamentos oncológicos e da espasticidade na esclerose múltipla, no TEPT e no autismo. Além disso, os fitocanabinoides parecem ter propriedades anti-inflamatórias e de neuroproteção. Entretanto, efeitos colaterais também foram observados, sendo os principais: piora no desempenho em testes cognitivos, sintomas gastrointestinais, sonolência, agitação, piora de alguns transtornos psiquiátricos, diminuição da concentração, aumento da ansiedade social, bem como boca e olhos secos. Conclui-se portanto que os fitocanabinóides podem apresentar ação terapêutica benéfica no tratamento de condições neuropsiquiátricas, tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas, propriedades anti-inflamatórias e neuroprotetoras e tratamento de dores crônicas, entretanto devem ser considerados e monitorados os efeitos adversos em cada paciente.

This review aims to summarize the studies that address the use of phytocannabinoids in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, addressing the benefits and possible adverse effects that can be observed. An integrative literature review was conducted with MeSH descriptors: Cannabis, Medical Marijuana, Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and the databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science and SciELO. Articles were selected between 2015 and 2021 using as inclusion criteria articles that addressed the use of phytocannabinoids in patients with neurological and/or psychiatric diseases, available in full in the databases without language restriction. After analysis, 15 articles were found, which showed benefits such as: anxiolytic, antiepileptic, antiparkinsonian, antipsychotic, mood stabilization properties, besides being beneficial in sleep regulation, Tourette's syndrome, dementia, chronic pain, mitigation of emetic symptoms of cancer treatments and spasticity in multiple sclerosis, PTSD and autism. In addition, phytocannabinoids appear to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, side effects have also been observed, the main ones being: worsening performance in cognitive tests, gastrointestinal symptoms, drowsiness, agitation, worsening of some psychiatric disorders, decreased concentration, increased social anxiety, as well as dry mouth and eyes. Therefore, it is concluded that phytocannabinoids may present beneficial therapeutic action in the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties and treatment of chronic pain, however, the adverse effects in each patient should be considered and monitored.

Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resumir los estudios que abordan el uso de fitocanabinoides en pacientes con enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas, abordando los beneficios y posibles efectos adversos que pueden observarse. Se realizó una revisión integral de la literatura con los descriptores de MeSH: Cannabis, Medical Marijuana, Neurology, Neuropsychiatry y las bases de datos: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science y SciELO. Se seleccionaron artículos entre 2015 y 2021, utilizando como criterios de inclusión artículos que abordaban el uso de fitocanabinoides en pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas y/o psiquiátricas, disponibles enteramente en las bases de datos sin restricción lingüística. Después del análisis se encontraron 15 artículos que mostraron beneficios tales como: propiedades ansiolíticas, antiepilépticas, antiparkinsonianas, antipsicóticas, estabilizadoras del estado de ánimo, además de ser beneficiosos para regular el sueño, en el síndrome de Tourette, en demencia, dolor crónico, alivio de los síntomas eméticos de los tratamientos contra el cáncer y de la espasticidad en esclerosis múltiple, TEPT y autismo. Además, los fitobarabinoides parecen tener propiedades antiinflamatorias y neuroprotectoras. Sin embargo, también se observaron efectos adversos, siendo los principales: empeoramiento del desempeño en las pruebas cognitivas, síntomas gastrointestinales, somnolencia, agitación, empeoramiento de algunos trastornos psiquiátricos, disminución de la concentración, aumento de la ansiedad social, así como sequedad de boca y ojos. Por lo tanto, se concluye que los fitocanabinoides pueden tener una acción terapéutica beneficiosa en el tratamiento de las afecciones neuropsiquiátricas, el tratamiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, las propiedades antiinflamatorias y neuroprotectoras y el tratamiento del dolor crónico, sin embargo, se deben considerar y monitorizar los efectos adversos en cada paciente.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia and caregivers' burden: a study among Indian caregivers / Sintomas neuropsiquiátricos de demência e sobrecarga dos cuidadores: um estudo entre cuidadores indianos

ABSTRACT Dementia is considered a most serious and disabling condition, affecting both the individual suffering from it and their caregiver. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between neuropsychiatric problems of dementia and caregiver burden. Methods: A total of 138 caregivers of people with dementia participated in this cross-sectional study. The caregivers completed the questionnaires containing sociodemographic information as well as neuropsychiatric problems of dementia and caregiver burden. Results: The findings showed that all of the care-recipients were suffering from some kind of neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most common being apathy, anxiety, motor disturbance, and hallucination. Out of 12 symptoms, 11 were significantly associated with caregivers' burden. The most important finding is that the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms is highly responsible for severe caregivers' burden. Conclusions: The identification of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia that influence caregiver burden is very critical for both caregivers' and care-recipients' health perspective. These findings can also be utilized to create care settings for demented people and help determine policies in the future.

RESUMO A demência é considerada a condição mais grave e incapacitante que afeta ao mesmo tempo tanto o indivíduo que a sofre como o seu cuidador. Objetivo: O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre problemas neuropsiquiátricos de demência e sobrecarga do cuidador. Métodos: 138 cuidadores de pessoas com demência participaram do estudo transversal. Os cuidadores preencheram os questionários contendo informações sociodemográficas, bem como problemas neuropsiquiátricos de demência e sobrecarga do cuidador. Resultados: Observou-se que todos os atendidos apresentavam algum tipo de sintoma neuropsiquiátrico; os mais comuns foram apatia, ansiedade, distúrbios motores e alucinações. Com exceção de um sintoma, 11 outros sintomas foram significativamente associados à sobrecarga dos cuidadores. O achado mais importante é que a gravidade dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos é altamente responsável pela sobrecarga dos cuidadores. Conclusões: A identificação de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos de demência que influenciem a sobrecarga do cuidador é muito importante para a perspectiva de saúde dos cuidadores e dos receptores de cuidados. Essas descobertas também podem ser utilizadas para criar ambientes de atendimento para pessoas com demência e ajudar a determinar políticas no futuro.

Brain functional connectivity in takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies / Conectividad funcional cerebral en pacientes con miocardiopatía de takotsubo: Revisión sistemática de estudios de imagen por resonancia magnética

Abstract Background: Functional neuroimaging studies may aid to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Objective: The aim of the study was to review the available evidence of brain functional connectivity in takotsubo cardiomyopathy patients. Methods: This was a systematic review. We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, Ovid (Cochrane), Scopus, and Science Direct for studies conducting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in takotsubo patients. After reviewing title/abstract and full text, we selected relevant studies, extracted methodological characteristics, and their main findings, and assessed their risk of bias with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We present a narrative review. Results: We included five case-control studies from 600 registries. The risk of bias was low; comparability was the main issue. Resting-state fMRI findings suggest significant differences for the hippocampus, the Insula, the amygdala, and the para-hippocampal gyrus. Task fMRI findings suggest significant differences for the Insula, the superior occipital gyrus, and the amygdala. Studies were heterogeneous about the laterality and directionality of these differences. Conclusion: Brain connectivity alterations involving elements relevant for autonomic control like the Insula and the Amygdala provide evidence in favor of the role of functional networks in the neurocardiology of stress-related cardiomyopathies. However, it is not possible to determine if this role is causal or consequential.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los estudios de neuroimagen funcional podrían ayudar a clarificar la fisiopatología de la miocardiopatía de takotsubo. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia disponible sobre conectividad funcional cerebral en pacientes con cardiomiopatía de takotsubo. Métodos: Revisión sistemática. Se buscaron en MEDLINE, LILACS, Ovid (Cochrane), Scopus, y ScienceDirect estudios de imagen por resonancia magnética funcional (IRMf) en pacientes con cardiomiopatía de takotsubo. Tras revisar títulos, resúmenes y textos completos se seleccionaron los estudios relevantes, se extrajeron sus características metodológicas y resultados principales, y se valoró su riesgo de sesgo mediante la escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Se presenta revisión narrativa de los resultados. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco estudios de casos y controles de entre 600 registros. El riesgo de sesgo fue bajo, la comparabilidad fue la principal limitante. Los estudios de IRMf en estado de reposo sugieren diferencias significativas en el Hipocampo, la Ínsula, la Amígdala y el Giro parahipocampal. Los estudios de IRMf bajo paradigma sugieren diferencias en la Ínsula, el Giro occipital superior y en la Amígdala. Los estudios fueron heterogéneos respecto a la lateralización y direccion de estas diferencias. Conclusión: Alteraciones en la conectividad cerebral de zonas relevantes para el control autonómico como la ínsula y la Amígdala provén evidencia a favor del rol de redes funcionales en la neurocardiología de miocardiopatías relacionadas con el estrés. Sin embargo, aún no es posible determinar si esto obedece a un rol causal o consecuencial.

Eje cerebro intestino microbiota. Importancia en la práctica clínica

El eje cerebro-intestino-microbiota es un complejo bidireccional que comunica al sistema nervioso central con el aparato digestivo. Las alteraciones en la composición de la microbiota intestinal se han relacionado con la presencia de enfermedades digestivas y extradigestivas tales como las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. La disbiosis predispone a la aparición de alteraciones en la permeabilidad intestinal, lo cual facilita la liberación de neurotransmisores y citoquinas que generan las condiciones propicias para que aparezca un estado conocido como neuroinflamación, que parece ser clave en la fisiopatogenia de las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. En virtud de estos datos, la modulación de la microbiota a través de cambios en la dieta, antibióticos y probióticos, podría ser una alternativa útil, no sólo para el tratamiento de enfermedades digestivas sino también de trastornos extra digestivos como las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas.

The brain-gut-microbiota axis is a bidirectional complex that connects the central nervous system with the digestive system. Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been linked to the presence of digestive and extradigestive diseases such as neuropsychiatric diseases. Dysbiosis predisposes to the appearance of alterations in intestinal permeability, which facilitates the release of neurotransmitters and cytokines that generate favorable conditions for the appearance of a state known as neuroinflammation, which seems to be key in the physiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. Based on these data, the modulation of the microbiota through changes in diet, antibiotics and probiotics could be a useful alternative, not only for the treatment of digestive diseases but also extra-digestive disorders such as neuropsychiatric diseases.

Catatonia: regreso al futuro del síndrome neuropsiquiátrico / Catatonia: Back to the future of the neuropsychiatric syndrome

La catatonia es un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico infratratado e infradiagnósticado cuyo pronóstico es benigno si se trata de forma precoz, evitando así posibles complicaciones y el compromiso de la salud de los pacientes. Los últimos estudios epidemiológicos señalan una prevalencia de catatonia del 9,2%, siendo frecuente tanto en las enfermedades médicas (especialmente en las neurológicas), como en las psiquiátricas. Es recomendable el uso de escalas validadas para su diagnóstico y poder medir la gravedad y la respuesta al tratamiento. Una vez identificada la catatonia, es necesario realizar un estudio diagnóstico protocolizado de la etiología subyacente («Catatonia Workup»). El tratamiento de elección son las benzodiacepinas y la terapia electroconvulsiva. En los últimos años, han surgido nuevas alternativas terapéuticas no invasivas, tales como la estimulación magnética transcraneal. En esta revisión, proponemos varias iniciativas para fomentar la difusión y el conocimiento de la catatonia en el ámbito clínico. (AU)

Catatonia is an undertreated and underdiagnosed neuropsychiatric syndrome whose prognosis is benign if treated early, thus avoiding possible complications and compromising the health of patients. The latest epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of catatonia of 9.2%, being frequent in medical pathologies (especially neurological ones), as well as in psychiatric pathologies. The use of validated scales is recommended for its diagnosis, to be able to measure the severity and response to treatment. Once catatonia has been identified, it is necessary to perform a protocolized diagnostic study of the underlying aetiology («Catatonia Workup»). Treatment of choice is benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. In recent years, new therapeutic alternatives such as non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation have emerged. In this review we propose several initiatives to promote the dissemination and knowledge of catatonia in the clinical setting. (AU)

Quiste aracnoideo (Galassi Tipo II) y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos: a propósito de un caso / Arachnoid Cyst (Galassi Type II) and neuropsychiatry symptoms: about a case

INTRODUCCIÓN: un quiste aracnoideo es originado de la alteración de una de las membranas de la meninges (aracnoides), de predominio en la fosa craneal media; es una patología poco común que cause síntomas y si ocurren, se pueden presentar manifestaciones neuropsiquiatrías. OBJETIVO: exponer los datos clínicos; y la metodología diagnóstica y terapéutica. CASO: presentamos una paciente femenina de 24 años de edad; sin antecedentes personales médicos psiquiátricos y médicos no psiquiátricos conocidos, quien presenta una historia con un mes de evolución de síntomas psicóticos y cambios conductuales. Se le realizo CAT cerebral simple y luego una resonancia magnética cerebral contrastada para definir el tamaño del quiste aracnoideo, por los posibles síntomas neuropsiquiátricos encontrados. Por medio de exámenes de laboratorios, estudios electrofisiológicos (electroencefalograma), neuroimágenes y evaluación clínica. Se decide presentar las características clínicas encontradas de la paciente quien requirió manejo con antipsicóticos, benzodiacepinas y estabilizador del humor con gradual mejoría de sus sintomatologías de ingreso (agitación psicomotora y psicosis).

INTRODUCTION: an arachnoid cyst is caused by the alteration of one of the membranes of the meninges (arachnoid), predominantly in the middle cranial fossa; It is an uncommon pathology that causes symptoms and if they occur, neuropsychiatric manifestations may take place. OBJECTIVE: expose the clinical data; and the diagnostic and therapeutic methodology. CASE: we present a 24-year-old female patient; with no personal history of psychiatric and known non-psychiatric medical records, whom presents a story with a month of evolution of psychotic symptoms and behavioral changes. A simple cerebral CAT was performed and then a cerebral magnetic resonance imaging with contrast to define the size of the arachnoid cyst, due to the possible neuropsychiatric symptoms found. Through laboratory tests, electrophysiological studies (electroencephalogram), neuroimaging and clinical evaluation. It was decided to present the clinical characteristics of the patient who required management with antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and mood stabilizer with gradual improvement of her admission symptoms (psychomotor agitation and psychosis)

Spanish version of the frontotemporal dementia knowledge scale: adaptation and validation / Versión en español de la escala de conocimiento sobre demencia frontotemporal: adaptación y validación

ABSTRACT Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is one of the most common causes of dementia in people under 65. There is often a significant diagnostic delay, as FTD can be confused with other psychiatric conditions. A lack of knowledge regarding FTD by health professionals is one possible cause for this diagnostic confusion. Objectives: The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Frontotemporal Dementia Knowledge Scale (FTDKS) in Spanish. Methods: A translation was done, following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines, which consisted of forward translation, blind back translation, and an analysis by a committee of experts. For the present study, 134 professionals from different health areas responded the Spanish version of the FTDKS. The statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.0.0 "Arbor day" and the Psych, sjPlot packages. Results: The Spanish version of the FTDKS had good reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.74.). The sample's mean score was 19.78 (range = 4-32, SD 6.3) out of a maximum of 36 points. Conclusions: The results obtained show that the Spanish version has good psychometric properties. The FTDKS is applicable in our environment and can be a useful tool to evaluate the knowledge of health professionals regarding frontotemporal dementia.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La demencia frontotemporal (DFT) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa y es una de las causas más comunes de demencia en personas menores de 65 años. A menudo existe un retraso significativo en el diagnóstico, ya que la FTD puede confundirse con otras afecciones psiquiátricas. La falta de conocimientos sobre la DFT por parte de los profesionales de salud es una posible causa de esta confusión diagnóstica. Objetivos: El presente estudio describe nuestros esfuerzos para adaptar y validar la Escala de Conocimiento de la Demencia Frontotemporal (FTDKS) en español. Métodos: Se realizó una traducción, siguiendo las pautas de adaptación transcultural, que consistió en una traducción directa, una traducción inversa ciega y un análisis por parte de un comité de expertos. Para el presente estudio, 134 profesionales de diferentes áreas de la salud respondieron la versión en español del FTDKS. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando la versión 4.0.0 de R "Arbor day" y los paquetes Psych, sjPlot. Resultados: La versión en español del FTDKS tiene una buena fiabilidad y consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach 0,74.). La puntuación media de la muestra fue de 19,78 (rango = 4-32, SD 6,3) sobre un máximo de 36 puntos. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la versión española tiene buenas propiedades psicométricas. El FTDKS es aplicable en nuestro medio y puede ser una herramienta útil para evaluar los conocimientos de los profesionales sanitarios sobre la demencia frontotemporal.

Anti-MA2 autoinmune encephalitis: A unique case report and narrative concise review

Anti-Ma-2 encephalitis is a rare autoimmune condition which can display a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is usually paraneoplastic as 96% of the cases are linked to the presence of a tumor, mainly testicular or pulmonary. Many of these patients can usually be misdiagnosed psychiatrically months before the proper diagnosis is set. Diagnostic battery tests must be exhaustive and treatment includes several lines of medications and treatment of the primary tumor, which determines severe but better prognosis than the rest of autoimmune encephalitic processes. Herein, we present a paradigmatic and almost unique clinical case of a 51-year-old man who was affected of this condition, suffering from left hemichorea, cerebellar and limbic symptoms. The symptomatology had been refractory to several treatment lines and no hidden tumor was detected. The case is accompanied by a narrative concise review of this condition. The wide range of symptomatology displayed, often preceding tumor diagnosis and its severe prognosis make essential to suspect these autoimmune entities when facing neuropsychiatric unusual and complex clinical pictures. Only two previous cases of Anti-Ma 2 encephalitis have been described before with these clinical manifestations, one in Iran and the other one in Germany. (AU)

La encefalitis Anti Ma-2 es una situación autoinmune rara que puede mostrar una amplia gama de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, que son normalmente paraneoplásicos, ya que el 96% de los casos está vinculado a la presencia de un tumor, principalmente testicular o pulmonar. Normalmente muchos de estos pacientes reciben un diagnóstico psiquiátrico erróneo meses antes de que el diagnóstico adecuado sea establecido. La batería de pruebas diagnósticas debe ser exhaustiva, debiéndose incluir diversas líneas farmacológicas y el tratamiento del tumor primario, que determina un pronóstico grave aunque mejor que el resto de procesos de encefalitis autoinmunes. Presentamos aquí un caso paradigmático y casi único de un varón de 51 años afectado de esta situación, que padecía hemicorea izquierda, y síntomas cerebelares y límbicos. La sintomatología había sido refractaria a diversas líneas de tratamiento, no habiéndose detectado ningún tumor. El caso se acompaña de una revisión concisa narrativa de esta situación. La amplia gama de sintomatología exhibida que precede a menudo al diagnóstico del tumor, así como la gravedad de su pronóstico, hacen que sea fundamental sospechar estas entidades autoinmunes a la hora de enfrentarse a cuadros clínicos neuropsiquiátricos inusuales y complejos. Solo se han descrito anteriormente dos casos de encefalitis Anti-Ma 2 previos a estas manifestaciones clínicas: uno en Irán y otro en Alemania. (AU)

[Catatonia: Back to the future of the neuropsychiatric syndrome]. / Catatonia: regreso al futuro del síndrome neuropsiquiátrico.

Catatonia is an undertreated and underdiagnosed neuropsychiatric syndrome whose prognosis is benign if treated early, thus avoiding possible complications and compromising the health of patients. The latest epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence of catatonia of 9.2%, being frequent in medical pathologies (especially neurological ones), as well as in psychiatric pathologies. The use of validated scales is recommended for its diagnosis, to be able to measure the severity and response to treatment. Once catatonia has been identified, it is necessary to perform a protocolized diagnostic study of the underlying aetiology («Catatonia Workup¼). Treatment of choice is benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. In recent years, new therapeutic alternatives such as non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation have emerged. In this review we propose several initiatives to promote the dissemination and knowledge of catatonia in the clinical setting.